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Gary McKinnon


Gary McKinnon
Born 10 February 1966 (1966-02-10) (age 45)
Glasgow, Scotland
Nationality British
Other names Solo
Citizenship United Kingdom
Known for Computer hacker

Gary McKinnon (born 10 February 1966) is a Scottish[1] systems administrator and hacker who has been accused of what one U.S. prosecutor claims is the "biggest military computer hack of all time,"[2] although McKinnon himself states that he was merely looking for evidence of free energy suppression and a cover-up of UFO activity and other technologies potentially useful to the public. After a series of legal proceedings in England, McKinnon is currently fighting extradition to the United States.

Contents

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Alleged crime

McKinnon is accused of hacking into 97 United States military and NASA computers over a 13-month period between February 2001 and March 2002, using the name 'Solo'. The computer networks he is accused of hacking include networks owned by NASA, the US Army, US Navy, Department of Defense, and the US Air Force.[citation needed]

The US authorities claim he deleted critical files from operating systems, which shut down the US Army’s Military District of Washington network of 2,000 computers for 24 hours, as well as deleting US Navy Weapons logs, rendering a naval base's network of 300 computers inoperable after the September 11th terrorist attacks. McKinnon is also accused of copying data, account files and passwords onto his own computer. US authorities claim the cost of tracking and correcting the problems he caused was over $700,000.[3]

McKinnon has denied causing any damage, arguing that, in his quest for UFO-related material, he accessed open, unsecured machines with no passwords and no firewalls and that he left countless notes pointing out their many security failings. He disputes the damage and the financial loss claimed by the US as concocted in order to create a dollar amount justifying an extraditable offence.[citation needed] While not admitting that it constituted evidence of destruction, McKinnon did admit leaving a threat on one computer:

US foreign policy is akin to Government-sponsored terrorism these days … It was not a mistake that there was a huge security stand down on September 11 last year … I am SOLO. I will continue to disrupt at the highest levels … [4]

US authorities claim that McKinnon is trying to downplay his own actions. A senior military officer at the Pentagon told The Sunday Telegraph: "US policy is to fight these attacks as strongly as possible. As a result of Mr McKinnon's actions, we suffered serious damage. This was not some harmless incident. He did very serious and deliberate damage to military and Nasa computers and left silly and anti-America messages. All the evidence was that someone was staging a very serious attack on US computer systems."[5]

Arrest and legal proceedings

McKinnon was first interviewed by police on 19 March 2002. After this interview, his computer was seized by the authorities.[6] He was interviewed again on 8 August 2002, this time by the UK National Hi-Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU).[6][7]

In November 2002, McKinnon was indicted by a federal grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia.[8] The indictment contained seven counts of computer-related crime, each of which carried a potential ten-year jail sentence.[6]

Extradition proceedings

McKinnon remained at liberty without restriction for three years until June 2005 (until after the UK enacted the Extradition Act 2003, which implemented the 2003 extradition treaty with the US wherein the US did not need to provide contestable evidence), when he became subject to bail conditions including a requirement to sign in at his local police station every evening and to remain at his home address at night. In addition, he was banned from using a computer with access to the Internet. There have been no more developments in respect of the charges relating to United Kingdom legislation but in late 2005 the United States began extradition proceedings.[clarification needed]

If he is extradited to the US and charged, McKinnon faces up to 70 years in jail.[9] He has expressed fears that he could be sent to Guantanamo Bay.[10][11] He continues to contest the extradition proceedings and believes that he should face trial in the UK, principally as he argues that the destruction allegations are fraudulent and that any alleged crimes were committed there and not in the United States.[citation needed]

Appeal to the House of Lords

Representing McKinnon in the House of Lords on 16 June 2008, barristers told the Law Lords that the prosecutors had said McKinnon faced a possible 8–10 years in jail per count if he contested the charges (there were seven counts) without any chance of repatriation, but only 37–46 months if he co-operated and went voluntarily to the US. US-style plea bargains are not a part of English jurisprudence (although it is standard practice to reduce the sentence by one-third for a defendant who pleads guilty)[12] and McKinnon's lawyers contended that in effect this was intimidation to force McKinnon to waive his legal rights. McKinnon also claimed that he had been told that he could serve part of his sentence in the UK if he co-operated. He rejected the offer because the Americans would not guarantee these concessions.

Barristers said that the Law Lords could deny extradition if there was an abuse of process: "If the United States wish to use the processes of English courts to secure the extradition of an alleged offender, then they must play by our rules."[13]

The House of Lords rejected this argument, with the lead judgement (of Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood) holding that "the difference between the American system and our own is not perhaps so stark as [McKinnon]'s argument suggests" and that extradition proceedings should "accommodate legal and cultural differences between the legal systems of the many foreign friendly states with whom the UK has entered into reciprocal extradition arrangements".[14]

Further appeals

McKinnon appealed to the European Court of Human Rights,[15] which briefly imposed a bar on the extradition,[16] but the request for an appeal was rejected.

On 23 January 2009, McKinnon won permission from the High Court to apply for a judicial review against his extradition.[17] On 31 July 2009, the High Court announced that McKinnon had lost this appeal.[18][19] Currently McKinnon's legal team, solicitor Karen Todner and barrister Ben Cooper, have applied for a judicial review into the Home Secretary's rejection of medical evidence, which stated that, when he could easily be tried in the UK, it is unnecessary, cruel and inhumane to inflict the further stress of removing him from his homeland, his family and his medical support network.

Asperger's diagnosis

In August 2008, McKinnon was diagnosed by three of the world's leading experts (Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, Professor Jeremy Turk and Professor Thomas Bernie) as suffering from an autism spectrum disorder compounded with clinical depression.[20][citation needed]

McKinnon's mother, Janis Sharp, claimed that he was suicidal and that he would not survive a U.S. prison incarceration.[21] She has received support from psychiatrist Professor Jeremy Turk of St George's Hospital, London, who said that suicide was now an “almost certain inevitability”.[22] On 10 November 2009, Janis Sharp gave evidence before the Select Committee for Home Affairs of the UK Parliament.[23] The Committee backed calls for the extradition to be halted because of McKinnon’s “precarious state of mental health” and called for a comprehensive review of the extradition treaty.[24] In January 2010 Justice Mitting granted McKinnon a Judicial Review into the decision of Alan Johnston then Home Secretary’s decision to allow McKinnon’s extradition.

At issue

Mitting said McKinnon's application "raises two stark and simple issues:

  1. “Did the, as yet unchallenged and unqualified, evidence of Professor Turk that suicide "will be an almost certain inevitability should he experience extradition" require the defendant under section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998, to refuse to surrender the Claimant to the government of the USA?
  2. "Does the opinion of Professor Turk amount to a fundamental change in the circumstances previously considered by the courts and by the Defendant? Both issues are arguable; and, if the answer to both is affirmative, it is arguable that the Defendant's decision not to refuse to surrender was unlawful”

Mitting considered "both issues to be arguable" and that if the answers to both issues were affirmative, "then it is arguable that the Home Secretary's decision to extradite Mr McKinnon would be "unlawful".

Coalition

In May 2010, the UK elected a coalition government. McKinnon was part of the coalition discussions[citation needed] and in their ‘Coalition Programme’ document it states:

We will review the operation of the Extradition Act – and the US/UK extradition treaty – to make sure it is even-handed.[25]

On 20 May 2010, the new home Secretary, Theresa May, adjourned the pending Judicial Review into the previous home Secretary’s decision The Home Office said May would re-examine the medical evidence for herself to decide whether McKinnon should be extradited.[citation needed]

Support for McKinnon

In early November 2008, a total of 80 British MPs signed an Early Day Motion calling for any custodial sentence imposed by an American court to be served in a prison in the UK.[26] However, on 15 July 2009, many of them voted in Parliament against a review of the extradition treaty.[27]

In mid-November 2008, the rock group Marillion announced that it was ready to participate in a benefit concert in support of Gary McKinnon's struggle to avoid extradition to United States. The organiser of the planned event is Ross Hemsworth, an English radio host. No date has been set yet.[28] Many have now voiced their support, including Sting, Trudie Styler, Julie Christie, David Gilmour, Graham Nash, Peter Gabriel, The Proclaimers, Bob Geldof, Chrissie Hynde, David Cameron, Boris Johnson (Mayor of London), Stephen Fry, Jonathan Ross[citation needed], Terry Waite, Tony Benn, Chris Huhne, Lord Carlile, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Democrats, the Green Party of England and Wales, the National Autistic Society, Liberty, and many others. All of these propose that, at least, he should be tried in the UK.[29] In August 2009, Scottish Newspaper The Herald reported that Scots entrepreneur Luke Heron would pay £100,000 towards McKinnon's legal costs in the event he was extradited to the US.[30]

In a further article in The Herald, Joseph Richard Gutheinz, Jr., a retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent, voiced his support for Gary McKinnon. Gutheinz, who is also an American criminal defense attorney and former Member of the Texas Criminal Justice Advisory Committee on Offenders with Medical and Mental Impairments, said that he feared Gary McKinnon would not find justice in the USA, because "the American judicial system turns a blind eye towards the needs of the mentally ill".[31][32]

The British tabloid The Daily Mail has started a campaign to prevent Gary McKinnon's extradition to the U.S.[33][34]

Janis Sharp, McKinnon's mother, stood as an Independent candidate in the 2010 General Election in Blackburn in protest against the sitting Labour MP Jack Straw, who was Foreign Secretary when the extradition treaty was agreed.[35] She finished last out of eight candidates with 0.38% of the vote.[36]

On 20 July 2010 Tom Bradby, ITN political editor, raised the Gary McKinnon issue with President Barack Obama and Prime Minister David Cameron in a joint White House press conference who responded that they have, in fact, discussed it and are working to find an 'appropriate solution'[37][38]

Song

In August 2009, Pink Floyd's David Gilmour released an online single, Chicago - Change the World, on which he sang and played guitar, bass and keyboards, to promote awareness of McKinnon's plight. A re-titled cover of the Graham Nash song Chicago, it featured Chrissie Hynde and Bob Geldof, plus McKinnon himself. It was produced by long-time Pink Floyd collaborator Chris Thomas and was made with Nash's support.[39] A video was also posted online.[40]

Statements to the media

McKinnon has admitted in many public statements that he obtained unauthorised access to computer systems in the United States including those mentioned in the United States indictment. He claims his motivation, drawn from a statement made before the Washington Press Club on 9 May 2001 by "The Disclosure Project", was to find evidence of UFOs, antigravity technology, and the suppression of "free energy", all of which he claims to have proven through his actions.[41]

In an interview televised on the BBC's Click programme,[42] McKinnon claimed that he was able to get into the military's networks simply by using a Perl script that searched for blank passwords; in other words his report suggests that there were computers on these networks with the default passwords active.

In his interview with the BBC, he also claimed of "The Disclosure Project" that "they are some very credible, relied-upon people, all saying yes, there is UFO technology, there's anti-gravity, there's free energy, and it's extraterrestrial in origin and [they've] captured spacecraft and reverse engineered it." He said he investigated a NASA photographic expert's claim that at the Johnson Space Center's Building 8, images were regularly cleaned of evidence of UFO craft, and confirmed this, comparing the raw originals with the "processed" images. He claimed to have viewed a detailed image of "something not man-made" and "cigar shaped" floating above the northern hemisphere, and assuming his viewing would be undisrupted owing to the hour, he did not think of capturing the image because he was "bedazzled", and therefore did not think of securing it with the screen capture function in the software at the point when his connection was interrupted.[43] McKinnon stated the image was approximately 256 megabytes in size, yet that the craft's details were still distinct in the greatly inferior 4-bit color and low resolution he had to reduce the viewing image to appear across his mere 56k modem connection (approximate transfer rate 5.4 KB/s).

The charge that he perpetrated "the biggest military hack of all time" is ridiculed by McKinnon who characterises himself as a "bumbling computer nerd" who undestructively accessed open, unsecured machines while under the influence of cannabis,[44] and that the destruction claims were manufactured by embarrassed US authorities after the fact, in order to meet the dollar amount required to seek an extradition, to make him a poster child and intimidate any snoopers, especially those interested in the alien technology subjects he believed the public had a moral right to know of.[42]

At the Infosecurity Europe 2006 conference in London on 27 April 2006, McKinnon appeared on the Hackers' Panel. When asked how his exploits were first discovered, McKinnon answered that he had miscalculated the timezone — he was using remote control software to operate a Windows computer while its user was sitting in front of it.

NASA documents

In 2006, a Freedom of Information Act request was filed with NASA for all documents pertaining to Gary McKinnon. NASA's documents consisted of printed news articles from the Slashdot website, but no other related documents. This is consistent with NASA employees browsing internet articles about Gary McKinnon; the records of such browsing activity are in the public domain.

The FOIA documents have been uploaded to the internet for review, and can be downloaded.[45]

Radio play

On 12 December 2007, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 45-minute radio play about the case, The McKinnon Extradition by John Fletcher.[46] It was re-broadcast on 2 September 2008. It was directed by Pete Atkin and produced by David Morley.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Maddox, David (1 December 2010). "Wikileaks: US 'no deal' to Gordon Brown's plea to keep Scots hacker in UK". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). http://news.scotsman.com/news/Wikileaks-US-39no-deal39-to.6645530.jp. Retrieved 1 December 2010. 
  2. ^ Boyd, Clark (30 July 2008). "Profile: Gary McKinnon". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4715612.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 
  3. ^ Law Lords Department (2008-07-30). "House of Lords - Mckinnon V Government of The United States of America and Another". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldjudgmt/jd080730/mckinn-1.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-30. "15. ... alleged to total over $700,000" 
  4. ^ High Court judgment s. 8
  5. ^ Sherwell, Philip (2009-07-26). "Hacker Gary McKinnon will receive no pity, insists US". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5907994/Hacker-Gary-McKinnon-will-receive-no-pity-insists-US.html. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  6. ^ a b c Batty, David (26 November 2009). "Timeline: Gary McKinnon's fight against extradition to the US". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/26/gary-mckinnon-extradition-timeline. 
  7. ^ "Senior Policeman of the Arresting Hi Tech Crime Unit team describes the prosecution of McKinnon as Spiteful". The Register. 10 May 2010. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/10/mckinnon_support/. 
  8. ^ U.S. V. Gary McKinnon - text of Indictment (PDF). FindLaw.com.
  9. ^ "UK | Hacker wins court review decision". BBC News. 2009-01-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7846442.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  10. ^ 'Hacker' extradition case reopens, BBC News, 14 February 2006
  11. ^ British 'hacker' fears Guantanamo, BBC News, 12 April 2006
  12. ^ McKinnon v Government of the United States of America and another, section 34
  13. ^ Thurston, Richard (18 June 2008). "NASA hacker appeals to House of Lords to overturn extradition". SC Magazine. http://www.scmagazineuk.com/NASA-hacker-appeals-to-House-of-Lords-to-overturn-extradition/article/111408/. Retrieved 2008-09-02. 
  14. ^ Law Lords Department (2008-07-30). "House of Lords - Mckinnon V Government of The United States of America and Another [2008] UKHL 59". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldjudgmt/jd080730/mckinn-2.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  15. ^ "Hacker loses extradition appeal". BBC News. 30 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7532713.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 
  16. ^ "Latest on Gary McKinnon case". Home Office. 4 November 2010. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/news/mckinnon-case. Retrieved 1 December 2010. 
  17. ^ "Hacker wins court review decision". BBC.co.uk, 23 January 2009.
  18. ^ McKinnon, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Home Affairs [2009] EWHC 2021 (Admin) (31 July 2009)
  19. ^ "UK | Hacker loses extradition appeal". BBC News. 2009-07-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8177561.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  20. ^ "Gary McKinnon profile: Autistic 'hacker' who started writing computer programs at 14". The Daily Telegraph (London). 23 January 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4320901/Gary-McKinnon-profile-Autistic-hacker-who-started-writing-computer-programs-at-14.html. 
  21. ^ Hirsch, Afua; Gabbatt, Adam (27 November 2998). "Gary McKinnon's mother brands extradition of her son 'disgusting'". guardian.co.uk (London, UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/27/gary-mckinnon-extradition. Retrieved 27 November 2998. 
  22. ^ Hope, Christopher; Porter, Andrew (27 November 2008). "Gary McKinnon extradition: suicide 'almost inevitable' psychiatrist warns". The Telegraph (London, UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6668291/Gary-McKinnon-extradition-suicide-almost-inevitable-psychiatrist-warns.html. Retrieved 27 November 2008. 
  23. ^ "Home Affairs Committee Archives". UK Parliament. http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-archive/home-affairs-committee/hacpn091105no96/. Retrieved 2010-06-30. 
  24. ^ "MPs want hacker transfer halted". BBC News. 2009--11-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8357417.stm. Retrieved 2010-06-30. 
  25. ^ Cameron, David; Clegg, Nick (May 2010). "The Coalition: our programme for government" (PDF). p. 14. http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/coalition_programme_for_government.pdf. Retrieved 7 March 2011. 
  26. ^ "MPs want UK jail time for hacker". BBC News. 4 November 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7707778.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 
  27. ^ Chapman, James; Drury, Ian (2009-07-16). "BETRAYED: Spineless Labour MPs who backed Asperger's victim's bid to beat extradition desert him". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1199980/BETRAYED-Spineless-Labour-MPs-backed-Aspergers-victims-bid-beat-extradition-desert-him.html. 
  28. ^ Ballard, Mark (14 November 2008). "Marillion to play gig for McKinnon". The inquirer. http://www.theinquirer.net/gb/inquirer/news/2008/11/14/marillion-play-gig-mckinnon. Retrieved 17 November 2008. 
  29. ^ McClatchey, Caroline (2009-08-04). "Magazine | How Gary McKinnon became a cause celebre". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8181100.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  30. ^ Helen McArdle (2009-08-02). "Hacker backer pays £100k to prevent McKinnon US trial". Herald Scotland. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/hacker-backer-pays-100k-to-prevent-mckinnon-us-trial-1.821225. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  31. ^ I fear Gary Mckinnon will not find justice in America, Joseph Gutheinz. The Herald, UK, February 6, 2009
  32. ^ Gary was just a guy looking for ET. This witch hunt must end (and that's the man from NASA's view), Julie Moult. The Daily Mail, London, July 7, 2009
  33. ^ "Sign the Mail on Sunday petition | Mail Online" (in (Russian)). London: Dailymail.co.uk. 2009-07-06. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1165337/Stop-MPs-Gravy-Train---Sign-Mail-Sunday-petition.html. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  34. ^ "US mil still wide open to attack, says reformed hacker". London: The Register. September 3, 2008. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/03/mckinnon_bevan_interview_analysis/. 
  35. ^ "Mother of 'hacker' to stand in Blackburn". Lancashire Telegraph. 11 April 2010. http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/8092573.Mother_of__hacker__to_stand_against_Jack_Straw_in_Blackburn/?action=complain&cid=8453083. 
  36. ^ "Parliamentary Elections 2010 : Constituencies : Blackburn". Lancashire Telegraph. http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/general_election_2010/constituencies/38.blackburn/. 
  37. ^ "Tom Bradby Questions the Prime Minister and the President over Gary McKinnon". LondonTV.net. http://www.londontv.net/cambama-v1.html. 
  38. ^ "Tom Bradby (ITN) Asks hard questions of UK Prime Minister David Cameron over Gary McKinnon and the discussions he had with Obama". LondonTV.net. http://www.londontv.net/cambama-v3.html. 
  39. ^ "Chicago - Change the world. Original song by Graham Nash". LondonTV.net. http://www.londontv.net/freegarymckinnon.html. Retrieved 2009-08-04. 
  40. ^ "McKinnon Campaign". LondonTV.net. http://www.londontv.net/latestnews.html. Retrieved 2009-08-04. 
  41. ^ "UFO Hacker" Tells What He Found, Wired News, 21 June 2006
  42. ^ a b Kelly, Spencer (5 May 2006). "Hacker fears 'UFO cover-up'". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/4977134.stm. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  43. ^ The NASA Hacker[dead link], BBC Click
  44. ^ Pendlebury, Richard (27 June 2008). "Bin Laden's right-hand man in Europe and the geek who hacked Pentagon computers to look at UFOs: So who goes free?". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1028094/Bin-Ladens-right-hand-man-Europe-geek-hacked-Pentagon-computers-look-UFOs-So-goes-free.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  45. ^ NASA FOIA documents related to Gary McKinnon, January 19, 2007 (PDF). theblackvault.com.
  46. ^ "The McKinnon Extradition". BBC Programmes (BBC). http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008g3x2. Retrieved 2008-06-21. 

References

  • McKinnon v Government of the United States of America and another, (House of Lords 2008-07-30). Text

External links

Persondata
Name Mackinnon, Gary
Alternative names Solo
Short description British suspected hacker
Date of birth 1966-02-10
Place of birth Glasgow, Scotland
Date of death
Place of death

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